What Causes Keratoconus? Genetics, Risk Factors, and More

Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition that affects the cornea, which is the clear and curved surface at the front of the eye responsible for focusing light. Instead of maintaining its normal round shape, the cornea gradually becomes thinner and begins to bulge outward into a cone shape, leading to distorted and blurred vision. But what causes keratoconus, and how can it be managed?
 

Understanding the Causes of Keratoconus

A family history of keratoconus significantly increases your risk of developing the condition. Researchers have identified genetic markers associated with keratoconus, making it likely that some individuals are born with a predisposition. If a close family member has keratoconus, it's recommended to undergo regular comprehensive eye exams to catch early signs.
 

Although genetics play a role, environmental and behavioral factors can also contribute to the development and progression of keratoconus:

• Chronic Eye Rubbing: One of the most common risk factors, excessive eye rubbing (often linked to allergies or irritation) can weaken the corneal structure over time.

• Allergies and Atopic Conditions: Individuals with asthma, eczema, or hay fever are more prone to eye rubbing and may be at higher risk.

• Oxidative Stress: Imbalances in enzymes within the cornea may lead to oxidative damage, making the corneal tissue more vulnerable to thinning.
  
   

People with conditions such as Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan syndrome also have a higher likelihood of developing keratoconus, likely due to connective tissue abnormalities.
 

Common Signs and Symptoms of Keratoconus

Keratoconus often begins subtly and can progress over time, making early recognition important. Common signs and symptoms include blurry or distorted vision, increased sensitivity to light and glare, frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions, and difficulty seeing clearly at night. Some individuals may also experience eye strain or headaches due to the constant effort to focus. In more advanced stages, the cornea may become visibly irregular, and standard glasses may no longer provide clear vision. If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, it’s important to schedule an eye exam for a proper evaluation.
 

Managing Keratoconus with Specialty Contact Lenses

While early stages of keratoconus can sometimes be corrected with glasses or soft contact lenses, progressive cases often require more advanced solutions. That’s where specialty contact lenses come in.
 

Scleral lenses vault over the irregular cornea and rest on the white part of the eye (the sclera). They provide a smooth optical surface, improving vision clarity while protecting the sensitive corneal surface.
 

Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) lenses offer sharper vision than soft lenses by maintaining their shape on the eye, which helps correct the distorted vision caused by keratoconus.
 

At 20/20 Optometric of Fresno, we specialize in fitting these advanced lenses for keratoconus and work closely with patients to find the most comfortable and effective solution based on the severity of their condition.
 

Take Control of Your Vision Today

Keratoconus is a complex condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. While it can cause significant changes in vision, early detection and the right treatment can greatly improve visual clarity and comfort. With proper care, many individuals with keratoconus can continue to enjoy an active and fulfilling lifestyle.
 

If you’re noticing changes in your vision or have a family history of keratoconus, contact 20/20 Optometric of Fresno to schedule a comprehensive eye exam and explore your options for personalized care. Visit our office in Fresno, California, or call (559) 221-8900 to book an appointment today.